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    • 专利摘要:
    The invention relates to a method of managing a battery according to its state of health (SOH). According to the invention, a maximum discharge depth (MDOD) of the battery increases as its state of health (SOH) decreases. The evolution profile of the maximum discharge depth (MDOD) according to health status ensures a substantially constant available energy level throughout the life of the battery, while limiting its aging.
    公开号:FR3065292A1
    申请号:FR1753261
    申请日:2017-04-13
    公开日:2018-10-19
    发明作者:Clement Dinel；Emmanuel Joubert；Benoit FERRAN
    申请人:Airbus Group SAS；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    TECHNICAL AREA
    The invention belongs to the field of electric storage batteries.
    More particularly, the invention belongs to the field of battery management according to their state of health.
    STATE OF THE ART
    An electric storage battery undergoes double aging:
    - by cycling: the charge and discharge cycles deteriorate the battery;
    - calendar: prolonged storage of the battery leads to corrosion reactions which degrade the battery over time.
    The aging of a battery results in a decrease in its capacity and an increase in its internal resistance.
    A state of health (SOH), defined as a ratio of the storage capacity of the battery at an instant t to the capacity of the battery at the start of life characterizes the aging of the battery. In general, an 80% health condition is considered to be characteristic of an end-of-life battery. A battery considered at the end of its life has therefore lost 20% of its capacity and has seen its internal resistance increase, by around 30% for a LithiumIon type battery.
    Thus, a battery having for example a capacity of 96 A.h at the start of life only has a capacity of 77 A.h at the end of its life.
    Today, batteries on fully electric powered aircraft have a lifespan of around one year. The relatively rapid degradation of these batteries constitutes an operational drawback, since the energy capacity of the battery decreases over time, reducing their autonomy.
    One possible solution to solve this problem is to use batteries with a longer service life. One drawback of this solution is the very high cost of this type of battery.
    American patent application US 2016/0167541 describes a method for controlling the electrical controls of a vehicle. The torque to be applied to the vehicle depends on the position of the accelerator pedal. There is a risk that the current imposed on the batteries will be higher than necessary, if the accelerator pedal is depressed beyond the required position, leading to premature aging of the battery. The method described in the American patent application manages the temperature of the battery by means of a cooling system and limits the torque to be applied if it can cause the battery to be damaged.
    However, if this method slows the aging of the battery, it does not make it possible to maintain a substantially constant energy performance regardless of its state of health.
    French patent FR3002045 describes a method for managing the charge of a battery according to which the maximum authorized state of charge of the battery is limited, a limit which increases as the battery ages, in order to anticipate the decrease in the energy capacity of the battery and maintain constant available energy over the life of the battery.
    A disadvantage of this process is that it does not take into account the level of discharge, namely that the battery undergoes premature aging in the event of a too deep discharge.
    STATEMENT OF THE INVENTION
    The invention relates to a method for managing a battery according to a SOH state of health of the battery.
    According to the invention, the method comprises:
    - prior to using the battery, a step of predetermining a maximum discharge depth profile MDOD as a function of the SOH state of health of the battery, said profile being a function of battery technology, a nominal energy level to be made available at each discharge of the battery, said nominal energy level being substantially constant during a lifetime of the battery, that is to say between a state of start of life SOH 0 associated with an initial value MDOD 0 of maximum discharge depth and an end of life state SOH 2 o associated with a threshold threshold value MDOD 2 o of maximum discharge depth;
    - during use of the battery, a step of adjusting a maximum discharge depth MDOD of the battery as a function of the SOH state of health of said battery.
    In one form of implementation, the maximum discharge depth MDOD of the battery is adjusted at regular intervals, each time that the state of health SOH of the battery decreases by a percentage corresponding to an update step p% equal to p / 100, i.e. for all health status values SOH n equal to SOH 0 -nxp% with n integer between 0 and 20 / p.
    In one form of implementation, the maximum discharge depth MDOD n of the battery is adjusted to the state of health SOH n according to the following relationship:
    MD0D n = 1_P ! 100 n
    | MDOD 0
    In one form of implementation, the initial value MDOD 0 and the maximum depth of discharge profile MDOD are determined during the predetermination step so that the depth of discharge of the battery is, during the lifetime of the battery, always or almost always below a maximum value.
    In one form of implementation, the initial value MDOD 0 and the depth of discharge profile MDOD are determined as a function of the limit threshold value MDOD 2 o In one form of implementation, a maximum charge setpoint is given during the phases of battery charge, said maximum charge setpoint increasing in an evolution profile similar to the maximum depth of discharge profile (MDOD), so as to maintain a substantially constant level of available energy over time life while limiting the risks of overcharging.
    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
    The invention will be better understood on reading the description which follows and on examining the figures which accompany it. These are presented only as an indication and in no way limit the invention.
    Figure 1 shows three different profiles of maximum discharge depth depending on the state of aging of the battery, according to the invention.
    Figure 2 shows a discharge curve for a battery.
    DETAILED DESCRIPTION
    Degradation due to aging of a battery is subsequently characterized by a state of aging SOA ("State Of Aging").
    The SOA aging state is defined as the complement of an SOH state of health:
    SOA [%] = 100% - SOH [%]
    The SOH health state and the SOA aging state are advantageously determined in operation by a battery management system (BMS).
    A start of battery life is thus characterized by an SOA 0 aging state of 0%. End of battery life is generally associated with a 20% SOA 2 o aging state corresponding to an 80% SOH 8 o state of health. This end-of-life aging state value will be retained in the following description, but those skilled in the art will understand that this is only a convention generally adopted and that the end of life of the battery can be associated with another value.
    Depending on the value selected, at the end of its life, the battery capacity decreased by 20% and the internal resistance of the battery increased.
    A depth of discharge DOD ("Depth Of Discharge") of the battery is defined as a percentage of electrical charge consumed during a discharge phase relative to the capacity of the battery in the SOA aging state of interest.
    Thus, a DOD 50 discharge depth of 50% corresponds to a battery which has been half discharged and a DOD 100 discharge depth of 100% corresponds to a battery which has been fully discharged.
    Deep discharges of the battery are generally avoided and reserved for exceptional situations insofar as they cause phenomena, such as for example sulfation or loss of cells according to the battery technology, leading to premature aging of the battery.
    “Deep discharge” is understood to mean a depth of discharge greater than a threshold value, which threshold value is dependent on the technology of the battery but is generally between 50% and 70%. During a "deep discharge", a voltage U of the battery is no longer substantially equal to a nominal value U nO m and drops substantially beyond a threshold discharge value, generally between 50% and 70 %. Consequently, at iso-discharge power, an amount of energy consumed between a state of charge of 80% and a state of charge of 60% is greater than an energy consumed between a state of charge of 50% and a state of load of 30%, for the same difference in state of charge.
    The invention takes account of this limitation.
    With reference to FIG. 1, a maximum discharge depth MDOD (“Maximal Depth Of Discharge”) is determined and fixed for each discharge of the battery as a function of an SOA aging state of said battery determined by the BMS management system. .
    The maximum MDOD discharge depth is fixed, at the start of battery life, at an MDOD start-of-life value 0 , here 40%. The maximum MDOD discharge depth then increases with the age of the battery, according to an increasing profile, until reaching a limit threshold value MDOD 2 o beyond a limit age of the battery. In practice, the age limit from which the maximum discharge depth profile MDOD reaches the threshold threshold value MDOD 20 is the end of life age corresponding to the state of aging SOA 20 .
    FIG. 1 thus illustrates, in a nonlimiting manner, three different evolution profiles possible for the same battery according to the method of the invention.
    The start of life value MDOD 0 and the evolution profile are predetermined and the limit threshold value MDOD 20 can be deduced from these two pieces of information, as will be understood below. Advantageously, the value of the beginning of life MDOD 0 and the evolution profile are chosen to take into account the problems linked to too great depths of discharge (cell loss or sulfation for example) and will be determined so that the depth of discharge on the battery life remains less than or equal to 50%. Of course, those skilled in the art will understand that this value can be increased or decreased, however taking into account the problems associated with deep discharges, without limiting the scope of the invention.
    When a state of aging SOA n , characterizing the aging of the battery in a step n, increases by a step of 1% in step n + 1 to reach a state of aging SOA n + 1 . 1% , the battery capacity decreases by 1%, which leads to a decrease of about 1% in an energy capacity corresponding to a maximum energy capable of being stored in the battery at a given time.
    In order to compensate for this decrease in energy capacity, the discharge depth MDOD n + 1 . 1% maximum in the SOA n + 1 aging state. 1% is increased compared to the maximum MDOD n discharge depth in step n, according to the following relationship:
    MDOD n + 11 o / o - - - MD0D n 1_ / 100
    In this way, an energy E available during a discharge between a state of zero discharge and the depth of discharge MDOD n is substantially constant throughout the life of the battery.
    In the example above, a 1% step is considered, but the maximum discharge depth can be readjusted at different p% update steps, for example 0.5%, 2%, 10%. For an update step of p%, corresponding to an aging of the battery of p%, the previous relationship becomes:
    MD0D n + lp% -
    MD0D n (1)
    Of course, the smaller the step p%, the more the maximum MDOD discharge depth undergoes readjustments and the more the management of the battery is optimal with regard to the consumable energy, a step p% too large not allowing a consumption of energy substantially constant during repeated discharges of the battery throughout its life cycle.
    As a numerical example, it is considered a fully charged battery with an energy at the start of life of 30kW.h. The initial value MDOD 0 is fixed at 40%. Consumable energy E o at the start of battery life during discharge is therefore approximately equal to 12kW.h.
    It is assumed that the maximum discharge depth is readjusted for the first time in the middle of life, that is to say for an SOA10 aging state of 10%. The maximum energy stored in the battery is then approximately equal to 27kW.h. The step p% is equal to 10%, and the maximum discharge depth MDOD 10 is fixed at:
    MDOD 10
    40 40
    44.4%
    According to the invention, the energy E 10 consumable during a discharge in the living environment is therefore approximately equal to:
    E 10 = - x 27 = 12 kW.h 10 90
    The useful energy capacity E 10 consumable in mid-life, after readjustment of the discharge depth profile, is therefore well equal to the useful energy capacity E o consumable at the start of life.
    However, the step p% used here is relatively large, so that during the first half of the battery life, the maximum depth of discharge is fixed at 40%. Consequently, the energy E consumable during the discharges occurring in this time interval is caused to decrease. For example, when the battery has reached a quarter of its lifetime, i.e. an SOA 5 aging state of 5%, the consumable energy E 5 is approximately equal to:
    Es
    ÏÔÔ x 28.5
    11.4 kW.h
    In order to keep the consumable energy E substantially constant during the life of the battery, a relatively small pitch p% is chosen, for example less than or equal to 1%.
    Under the assumption of a step p% of 1%, the maximum discharge depth MDOD 5 becomes:
    MDODs
    The consumable energy E 5 is then approximately equal to:
    5 λ 40
    - VlOO / 100
    x 28.5 ~ 12 kW.h
    The useful energy capacity E 5 during a discharge when the battery has reached a quarter of its service life is therefore substantially equal to the useful energy capacity consumable at the start of life.
    It should be noted that the values of depth of discharge MDOD predetermined in the method according to the invention are maximum values making it possible to provide a consumable energy that is substantially constant over the entire lifetime of the battery. These discharge depth values are not necessarily achieved in practice.
    The profiles of maximum depth of discharge MDOD over the life of the battery, for an initial value of 40% and steps of 0.1%, 1% and 10%, are illustrated in FIG. 1.
    The profile in solid line represents the evolution of the maximum discharge depth MDOD for a step of 0.1%. The evolution profile is appreciably refined. The MDOD 2 o threshold value is approximately 48.86%.
    The profile in dotted lines represents the evolution of the maximum discharge depth MDOD for a step of 1%. The MDOD 2 o threshold value is approximately 48.90%.
    The dashed line profile represents the evolution of the maximum discharge depth MDOD for a step of 10%. The MDOD 2 o threshold value is approximately 49.38%.
    The maximum discharge depth therefore always remains less than 50%.
    It should be noted that the evolution profile of the maximum depth of discharge determined by the above relationship is particularly suitable for ranges of values of relatively small depths of discharge, depending on battery technologies but generally less than or equal at 60%.
    FIG. 2 illustrates a discharge curve, represented by a solid line, of a battery of nominal voltage U nO m of 4.2 V symbolized by a broken line. The voltage U at the terminals of the battery is substantially constant and equal to the nominal voltage U nom over the range [0% -60%] of discharge, but decreases significantly beyond, characterizing a deep discharge.
    In FIG. 2, the expression “percentage of discharge” is understood to mean the ratio between the quantity of electric charge consumed in the state of discharge considered on the capacity of the battery.
    Due to the relationship between electrical charge and electrical energy, consumption of electrical charge is therefore substantially equivalent to consumption of electrical energy in the area where the voltage is substantially constant, that is to say outside the area. deep discharge. In other words, over these ranges of values, an electrical charge consumption equal to 1% of the battery capacity is equivalent to an energy consumption of 1% of the energy capacity of said battery. Higher discharge depths cause a noticeable decrease in the voltage across the battery. Under these conditions, the electrical charge / electrical energy equivalence is no longer valid and the depth of discharge must be increased significantly to compensate for the decrease in voltage and maintain a constant energy capacity, accelerating the aging of the battery.
    In particular, it should be noted that the final value MDOD 2 o can be expressed as a function of the initial value MDOD 0 :
    20 / p
    MDOD 20 =) MD0D °
    The initial value MDOD 0 and the evolution profile of the maximum discharge depth characterized by the step p% can therefore be adapted so that the end of life value MDOD 2 o does not exceed a threshold value.
    For a threshold value of 50% for example, and a step of 1%, the MDOD 0 value not to be exceeded is:
    / —20
    MDOD 0 = (- = -) x 50% ~ 40.9%
    V - / 100 /
    Thus the battery management method according to the invention makes it possible to limit the aging of a battery while allowing a substantially constant energy consumption throughout the life of the battery.
    The limitation of the depth of discharge allows to emerge from the problems of deep discharge, in nominal conditions.
    Of course, in one embodiment, for safety reasons, the method according to the invention allows greater discharges in emergency situations or in special situations for which a greater quantity of energy than expected is required, for example, in the event that an aircraft is unable to land and is placed in a holding pattern or diverted to another airport.
    It should be noted that, in a similar manner, it is also possible to maintain a level of available energy during a substantially constant discharge over the lifetime of the battery by authorizing increasingly large charges during the battery life.
    For example, the BMS can give a charge setpoint of 80% at the start of life, then gradually increase the charge setpoint during the life of the battery, for example according to a formula equivalent to formula (1) applied this time to a charge setpoint.
    These methods can be implemented separately or, on the contrary, can be combined by fixing a maximum depth of discharge and a maximum charge setpoint, both evolving during the life of the battery, an advantage of this combination being to limit as well the risks associated with an overload as the risks associated with a deep discharge.
    权利要求:
    Claims (7)
    [1" id="c-fr-0001]
    1. Method for managing a battery as a function of a state of health (SOH) of the battery, characterized in that it comprises:
    - prior to using the battery, a step of predetermining a maximum depth of discharge profile (MDOD) as a function of the state of health (SOH) of the battery, said profile being a function of technology of the battery, of a nominal energy level to be made available at each discharge of the battery, said nominal energy level being substantially constant during a lifetime of the battery, that is to say between an early life state (SOH 0 ) associated with an initial value (MDOD 0 ) of maximum discharge depth and an end of life state (SOH 2 o) associated with a limit threshold value (MDOD 2 o) maximum discharge;
    - during use of the battery, a step of adjusting a maximum depth of discharge (MDOD) of the battery as a function of the state of health (SOH) of said battery.
    [2" id="c-fr-0002]
    2. Method according to claim 1 characterized in that the maximum discharge depth (MDOD) of the battery is adjusted at regular intervals, each time that the state of health (SOH) of the battery decreases by a percentage corresponding to an update step p% equal to p / 100, that is to say for all the health status values (SOH n ) equal to SOH 0 -nxp% with n integer between 0 and 20 / p .
    [3" id="c-fr-0003]
    3. Method according to claim 2 characterized in that the maximum discharge depth (MDOD n ) of the battery is adjusted to the state of health (SOH n ) according to the following relation:
    MD0D n = 1 v ! 100 n
    MDOD 0
    [4" id="c-fr-0004]
    4. Method according to claim 2 or claim 3 characterized in that the updating step p% is less than or equal to 1%.
    [5" id="c-fr-0005]
    5. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the initial value (MDOD 0 ) and the maximum discharge depth profile (MDOD) are determined during the predetermination step so that the discharge depth of the battery is, during the lifetime of the battery, always or almost always less than a maximum value.
    [6" id="c-fr-0006]
    6. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the initial value (MDOD 0 ) and the maximum discharge depth profile (MDOD) are determined as a function of the limit threshold value (MDOD 2 o) ·
    [7" id="c-fr-0007]
    7. Method according to any one of the preceding claims during which a maximum charge instruction is given during the battery charging phases, said maximum charge instruction evolving in an increasing fashion according to a profile of evolution similar to the profile of maximum depth of discharge (MDOD), so as to maintain a substantially constant level of available energy over the life of the battery while limiting the risks associated with overcharging.
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    引用文献:
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    法律状态:
    2018-04-20| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 2 |
    2018-10-19| PLSC| Publication of the preliminary search report|Effective date: 20181019 |
    2019-04-18| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 3 |
    2020-04-20| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 4 |
    2021-04-23| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 5 |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    FR1753261A|FR3065292B1|2017-04-13|2017-04-13|METHOD OF MANAGING A BATTERY BASED ON ITS HEALTH CONDITION|
    FR1753261|2017-04-13|FR1753261A| FR3065292B1|2017-04-13|2017-04-13|METHOD OF MANAGING A BATTERY BASED ON ITS HEALTH CONDITION|
    US15/951,380| US10680294B2|2017-04-13|2018-04-12|Method for managing a battery according to its state of health|
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